During several field surveys carried out in the south-western part of Transylvania (Hunedoara County, Romania) in the last decade, by different members of Archaeological Departament of Museum of Dacian and Roman Civilisation in Deva, we found, near the Mureș River banks, new archaeological sites, one of which belonging to the Early Neolithic. An interesting discovery was made near the County Road 107A, where, on the second terrace of the Mureș bank, on the right side of the river valley (the northern side), at a distance of 1 km, in a straight line, from the centre of the Folt village, in a place called by the villagers Sub Vii, we found an early Starčevo-Criș settlement. On the southern edge of the Folt-Sub Vii site we noted, on the surface of ploughland, three Early Neolithic features, rich in fragments of pottery, bones and stone tools. For the feature called by us Cx. 3, with Early Starčevo-Criș pottery, possibly from the beginning of the sixth millennium BC, we made an experiment, in order to obtain C14 data, by comparing the radiometric measurements of two bones and a fragment of pottery. In the Laboratory from Horia Hulubei National Institute for R&D in Physics and Nuclear Engineering (IFIN-HH), Bucharest (Măgurele), the Extracted Degraded Archaeological Material that has undergone diagenetic alteration (EDAM) or so-called Collagen Type I, and different fractions of carbon-bearing materials separated from shards were dated by AMS method, using 1 MV HVEE Cockroft-Walton TandetronTM. Containing endogenous C14, the Oxidant Resistant Elemental Carbon (OREC) fraction complied in terms of calibrated intervals with EDAM results.

[1] Ioan Andrițoiu, “Contribuții la repertoriul arheologic al județului Hunedoara,” [Contributions au répertoire archéologique du département de Hunedoara], in Sargetia XIV (1979): 23; Ioan Andrițoiu, “Contribuții la cunoașterea culturii Wietenberg în sud-vestul Transilvaniei (I),” [Contributions a la connaissance de la culture Wietenberg dans la sud-ouest de la Transylvanie], in Sargetia XX (1986–1987): 51; Ioan Andrițoiu, Civilizația tracilor din sud-vestul Transilvaniei în epoca bronzului [Die Zivilisation der Thraker im Südwesten Siebenbürgens. I Die Bronzezeit] (București, 1992) [Bibliotheca Thracologica II], 122; Nikolaus G.O. Boroffka, Die Wietenberg-Kultur. Ein Beitrag zur Erforschung der Bronzezeit in Südosteuropa, Teil I, (Berlin, 1994) [Universitätsforschungen zur prähistorischen Archäologie 19], 43; Mihai Căstăian, “Contribuții la repertoriul arheologic al zonei Orăștie,” [Contributions to the Archaeological Repertoire of the Orăștie Area], in Buletinul Cercurilor Știinţifice Studenţeşti 1 (1995): 39; Adrian Ursuțiu, Etapa mijlocie a primei vârste a fierului în Transilvania (cercetările de la Bernadea, com. Bahnea, jud. Mureș) [The Middle Stage of the First Iron Age in Transylvania (The Research from Bernadea Commune, Mureș County)] (Cluj-Napoca: Nereamia Napocae, 2002), 89; Sabin Adrian Luca, coord., Repertoriul arheologic al județului Hunedoara, second edition [The archaeological repertoire of Hunedoara County, second edition] (Sibiu, 2008) [Bibliotheca Brukenthal XXVI], 75.

[2] Presently the Museum of Dacian and Roman Civilisation, Deva.

[3] Andrițoiu, “Contribuții,” 23; Andrițoiu, Civilizația, 122; Căstăian, “Contribuții la repertoriul arheologic,” 39; Ursuțiu, Etapa mijlocie, 89.

[4] Andrițoiu, “Contribuții,” 23–24; Andrițoiu, “Contribuții la cunoașterea culturii,” 51; Andrițoiu, Civilizația, 122; Boroffka, Die Wietenberg-Kultur, 43; Căstăian, “Contribuții la repertoriul arheologic,” 41; Ursuțiu, Etapa mijlocie, 89; Luca, Repertoriul, 75.

[5] Căstăian, “Contribuții la repertoriul arheologic,” 41.

[6] Ibid.

[7] This research was conducted under the field assessment authorisations issued by the Ministry of Culture, Cultural Heritage Division, scientific coordinator I. A. Bărbat.

[8] Andrițoiu, “Contribuții,” 23–24; Andrițoiu, “Contribuții la cunoașterea culturii,” 51; Andrițoiu, Civilizația, 122; Boroffka, Die Wietenberg-Kultur, 43; Căstăian, “Contribuții la repertoriul arheologic,” 41; Ursuțiu, Etapa mijlocie, 89; Luca, Repertoriul, 75.

[9] We wish to express our gratitude to our colleague Costin-Daniel Țuțuianu, Senior Researcher (Museum of Dacian and Roman Civilisation, Deva), for pointing out the cache of archaeological materials discovered in Folt–Sub Vii in 1978.

[10] The two ceramic shards are part of a cache of 54 archaeological items, the inventory numbers of which are between 29.898-29.900. According to the General Inventory Registry, vol. 3, p. 131 (mss), all of the objects were discovered during the periegesis from 1978; it also mentions that the items belong to the Wietenberg culture, Hallstatt and 5^th–6^th centuries AD. What is interesting is the fact that on the box containing the archaeological items from Folt–Sub Vii, the year of discovery is marked as 1977.

[11] The present approach is a short description of the results obtained during the field surveys; the artefacts are presented briefly and selectively.

[12] GPS coordinates (Garmin Montana 650t): Pt. 1 (45° 53' 6.6'' N, 23° 9' 47'' E); Pt. 2 (45° 53' 6.5'' N, 23° 9' 46.8'' E); Pt. 3 (45° 53' 6.7'' N, 23° 9' 46.7'' E); Pt. 4 (45° 53' 6.8'' N, 23° 9' 46.8'' E); Elevation 212–213 m. The surface area covered by the archaeological materials is approximately 25 sqm.

[13] GPS coordinates (Garmin Montana 650t): Pt. 1 (45° 53' 7'' N, 23° 9' 47.1'' E); Pt. 2 (45° 53' 7.1'' N, 23° 9' 47.3'' E); Pt. 3 (45° 53' 7'' N, 23° 9' 47.3'' E); Pt. 4 (45° 53' 6.9'' N, 23° 9' 47.2'' E); Elevation 213–214 m. The surface area covered by the archaeological materials is approximately 25 sqm.

[14] GPS coordinates (Garmin Montana 650t): Pt. 1 (45° 53' 7.5'' N, 23° 9' 50.1'' E); Pt. 2 (45° 53' 7.4'' N, 23° 9' 49.8'' E); Pt. 3 (45° 53' 7.1'' N, 23° 9' 49.9'' E); Pt. 4 (45° 53' 7.2'' N, 23° 9' 50.3'' E); Elevation 215–216 m. The surface area covered by the archaeological materials is approximately 65 sqm.

[15] Max. length = 2.06 cm; Max. width = 1.43 cm.

[16] Max. length = 4.58 cm; Max. width (edge) = 3.08 cm; Max. width (head) = 2.49 cm.

[17] We are grateful to our colleague Dr. Valentin Dumitrașcu, Senior Researcher (Institute of Archaeology ‘Vasile Pârvan’, Bucharest) for the fauna assessments.

[18] Margareta Simina Stanc, Ioan Alexandru Bărbat, Luminiţa Bejenaru, Mihaela Danu, “Bioarchaeological Evaluation of the Early Neolithic Site of Rapoltu Mare–Șeghi (Hunedoara County, Romania),” in International Journal of Conservation Science 11, 1 (2020): 212.

[19] Gheorghe Lazarovici, Gornea. Preistorie [Gornea. Prehistory] (Reșița, 1977), 34–37; Gheorghe Lazarovici, Neoliticul Banatului [Das Neolithikum im Banat], (Cluj-Napoca, 1979) [Bibliotheca Musei Napocensis IV], 41–44, 62–64; Gheorghe Lazarovici, “Neoliticul timpuriu în România,” [Das Frühneolithikum in Rümanien], in Acta Musei Porolissensis VIII (1984): 58–62; Gheorghe Lazarovici, “About the Neolithisation Process of the Second Migration of the Early Neolithic,” in The Late Neolithic of the Middle Danube Region, Ed. Florin Drașovean, (Timişoara: Eurobit, 1998) [Bibliotheca Historica et Archaeologica Banatica XIV], 13–31; Zoia Maxim, Neo-eneoliticul din Transilvania [The Neo-Eneolithic from Transylvania] (Cluj-Napoca, 1999) [Bibliotheca Musei Napocensis XIX], 34–43; Gheorghe Lazarovici, “The Anzabegovo-Gura Baciului Axis and the First Stage of the Neolithization Process in Southern-Central Europe and the Balkans,” in Homage to Milutin Garašanin, Eds. Nikola Tasić and Cvetan Grozdanov (Belgrade, 2006), 138, 140–141, 144; Cristian-Constantin Roman, Habitatul uman în peșterile din sud-vestul Transilvaniei [Human Dwellings in the Caves of South-Western Transylvania], (Sibiu, 2008) [Bibliotheca Brukenthal XXV], 82–84, 133–142; Anamaria Tudorie, Aspecte tehnologice ale ceramicii Starčevo-Criș din Transilvania [Technological Aspects Concerning Starčevo–Criș Pottery from Transylvania] (Sibiu: Editura Muzeului Național Brukenthal, 2013) [Bibliotheca Brukenthal LXVI], 27, 56–60.

[20] Lazarovici, Gornea, 36-37; Lazarovici, Neoliticul, 43–46, 63–64; Lazarovici, “Neoliticul timpuriu,” 60–64; Lazarovici, “About the Neolithisation,” 13–31; Maxim, Neo-eneoliticul, 40–45; Roman, Habitatul, 84, 142; Tudorie, Aspecte tehnologice, 27–28, 59–60.

[21] Gheorghe Lazarovici, Zoia Maxim and Rodica Pintea, “Cercetări arheologice la Livada,” [Recherches archéologiques à Livada] in Acta Musei Napocensis XXVI–XXX, I/2 (1989–1993): 321–322; Gheorghe Lazarovici, Zoia Maxim, Gura Baciului, monografie arheologică [Gura Baciului, Archaeological Monography] (Cluj-Napoca, 1995) [Bibliotheca Musei Napocensis XI], 200; Gheorghe Lazarovici, “Despre locul descoperirilor de la Șeușa în neoliticul timpuriu din sud-estul Europei,” [About the Place of Șeușa Discoveries in the Early Neolithic of Southeast Europe], in Studia Archaeologica et Historica Nicolao Gudea Dicata, Eds. Călin Cosma, Dan Tamba and Aurel Rustoiu (Cluj-Napoca: Napoca Star, 2001), 38.

[22] See the literature referenced in footnotes 20 and 21.

[23] Ioan Alexandru Bărbat, “Short Considerations About the Starčevo–Criş Figurines from the Şoimuş–Teleghi Archaeological Site, Feature 176a (Hunedoara County),” in Banatica 28 (2018): 60.

[24] Cristian-Constantin Roman and Dragoș Diaconescu, “Noi descoperiri neolitice şi eneolitice pe teritoriul judeţului Hunedoara,” [New Neolithic and Eneolithic Discoveries on the Hunedoaraʼs County Area], in Corviniana VII (2002): 9.

[25] Stanc et al., “Bioarchaeological,” 211–212.

[26] Ioan Alexandru Bărbat, “Două reprezentări de tip bucranium descoperite la Rapoltu Mare (județul Hunedoara),” [Two Representations of Bucranium Type from Rapoltu Mare (Hunedoara county)], in Caietele Cercului de Istorie Veche şi Arheologie, 2 (2013): 19.

[27] Sabin Adrian Luca (Ed.), Cercetările arheologice preventive de la Turdaș–Luncă (județul Hunedoara), campania 2011 [Preventive Archaeological Excavations at Turdaș–Luncă (Hunedoara County), 2011 campaign], (Sibiu: Editura Muzeului Național Brukenthal, 2012) [Bibliotheca Brukenthal LIX], 47–51; Sabin Adrian Luca, Anamaria Tudorie and Marius-Mihai Ciută, “Data Concerning C₁₆₄ Feature from Turdaş–Luncă (Hunedoara County),” in Acta Terrae Septemcastrensis XI (2012): 7-12; Sabin Adrian Luca and Anamaria Tudorie, “Date cu privire la complexul C164 de la Turdaș–Luncă (județul Hunedoara),” [Data Concerning C₁₆₄ Feature from Turdaş–Luncă (Hunedoara County)], in Litua XV (2013): 7–11; Sabin Adrian Luca, Un oraș preistoric din Europa. Turdaș–Luncă, Sector A, I.1 [A Prehistoric City from Europe. Turdaș–Luncă. A Sector, I.1] (Sibiu: Editura Universității ‘Lucian Blaga’, 2019) [Bibliotheca Septemcastrensis XXVI], 28–36.

[28] Cristian Ioan Popa, “Descoperiri neolitice timpurii în bazinul hidrografic al Cugirului (judeţul Alba),” [Early Neolithic Discoveries in the Hydrographical Basin of Cugir (County of Alba], in Banatica 15, 1 (2000): 20–21; Cristian Ioan Popa, Valea Cugirului din preistorie până în zorii epocii moderne [Cugir Valley from Prehistory to the Dawn of the Middle Ages] (Cluj-Napoca: Mega, 2011), 47–48.

[29] Popa, “Descoperiri,” 21; Popa, Valea Cugirului, 48.

[30] Sabin Adrian Luca, Anamaria Tudorie, “Another Early Neolithic Site Discovered in Alba County. The Starčevo–Criş Settlement from Săliştea (Cioara, România),” in Acta Terrae Septemcastrensis XI (2012): 22–27.

[31] Marius Ciută, “Contribuţii la cunoaşterea celui mai vechi orizont al neoliticului timpuriu din România: cultura Precriş. Descoperirile arheologice de la Șeușa-La cărarea morii,” [Contributions to the Knowledge of the Earliest Horizon of the Romanian Early Neolithic Period: the Precriș Culture], in Apulum XXXVII, 1 (2000): 63–70, 73–76; Marius-Mihai Ciută, Începuturile neoliticului timpuriu în spațiul intracarpatic transilvănean [The Beginning of the Neolithic in the Intra-Carpathian Area], (Alba Iulia: Aeternitas, 2005) [Bibliotheca Universitatis Apulensis XII], 119, 153; Marius-Mihai Ciută, Cercetări arheologice la Şeuşa–La Cărarea Morii, I, Locuirile preistorice [Archaeological Research at Șeușa–La Cărarea Morii, I, The Prehistoric Habitations] (Alba Iulia: Altip, 2009) [Bibliotheca Brukenthal XLIII], 63–76.

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Fig. 1. Map of Romania showing the Folt village (I.-C. Codrea and I. A. Bărbat); http://geoportal.gov.ro/geoportal/home/webmap/viewer.html?useExisting=1, 10.08.2020.

Fig. 2. The position of the Sub Vii site (marked by the yellow arrow) on the orthophotomap of the area in which the Folt village is located, adaptation from Google Earth, accessed: 10.08.2020.

Fig. 3. A. Overview containing the Folt–Sub Vii archaeological point, as seen from the Cigmău village located to the northeast (the yellow dotted line marks the approximate outline of the site); B. The view of the terrace, as seen from the southeastern Folt–Sub Vii point, bordered to the south by the DJ 107A County Road (Photo: I. A. Bărbat).

Fig. 4. Archaeological materials from feature Cx. 3; 1a-1b. The mesial portion of the macro-polished flint blade (see the red dots); 2a–2b. Chert fragmentary chisel (?); 3–11. Ceramic shards (Photo: I. A. Bărbat; drawing S. Ivan).

Fig. 5. Archaeological materials in the context of Cx. 3 diggings; 1. Long bone fragment of the species Bos primigenius; 2. Phalanx of Bos primigenius; 3a–3b. Ceramic fragment (bottom) (Photo: I. A. Bărbat).

Fig. 6. Details captured under microscope of the inner texture of the ceramic fragment (Photo: C.A. Simion).

Fig. 7. Histogram for Phase I; ‘617.6’ fraction.

Fig. 8. Histogram for Phase II; ‘617.6HA1_HA2’ fraction.

Fig. 9. Histogram for Phase III; ‘617.6A’ fraction.

Fig. 10. Histogram for Phase IV; ‘617.6B’ fraction.

Fig. 11. The combination of uncalibrated radiocarbon data for phalanx and Phase IV separated from the ceramic fragment with chaff meets the convergence criteria.