The aim of our paper is to present the Hebrew sources – those written in Hebrew letters in Hebrew, Aramaic, Yiddish, and Judeo-Spanish (Ladino, or Djudezmo) concerned with the history of the Jews of Romania and with Romanian history. These sources are important for researching the history of the Jewish communities, being internal sources, as opposed to other sources that describe the Jewish community from outside. We shall try to answer to some questions. What are the main historical sources in the above-mentioned languages? How may these sources be classified? How can they be used and in which historical fields? Other questions refer to the methodology and to the auxiliary sciences of the history than to the history itself.

[1] The Hebrew Bible, mainly the Pentateuch, and the Talmud.

[2] A presentation of the subject in the Romanian language can be found in Lucian-Zeev Herșcovici, “Problema utilizării izvoarelor ebraice pentru cercetarea istoriei evreilor din România în epoca medievală și modernă” [The Problem of Using Jewish Sources for Researching the History of Romanian Jews in the Medieval and Modern Era], in Liviu Rotman, Camelia Crăciun, Ana-Gabriela Vasiliu, eds., Noi perspective în istoriografia evreilor din România [New Perspectives in the Historiography of the Jews in Romania] (Bucharest: Hasefer, 2010), 48-73.

[3] Bogdan Petriceicu Hașdeu, “Relațiunea rabinului ovreescu Benjamin despre români” [The Relation of the Jewish Rabbi Benjamin about the Romanians], Archiva istorică a României (Bucharest) 2 (1865): 25 (in Hebrew, based on the edition of Constantinus L’Empereur ab Oppick, Leyden, 1633, with Romanian translation; the Romanian translation only was republished in: B. P. Hașdeu, Istoria toleranței religioase în România [The History of Religious Tolerance in Romania] (Bucharest, 1868); new edition, by Stancu Ilin (Bucharest: Saeculum, and Chișinău: IEP Știința, 1992), 62-63.

[4] Lucian-Zeev Herșcovici, “Le mouvement de la Haskalah parmi les Juifs de Roumanie” (PhD diss., Université Paul Valéry, Montpellier, 2009), vol. 1, 751-821.

[5] Monica Brătulescu, “A Critical Approach to the Writings of Jacob Psantir,” Shvut (Tel Aviv) 16 (1993): 219-233; I. Kara (=Itzhak Schwartz-Kara), “Din trecutul istoriografiei evreilor din România: Iacov Psantir, pionier al valorificării izvoarelor ebraice” [From the Past of the Historiography of the Jews in Romania: Iacov Psantir, Pioneer of the Capitalization of the Jewish Sources], SAHIR 2 (1997): 160-166.

[6] Israel Bar-Avi (=Doré Wertenstein), Familia Schwarzfeld: Beniamin, tatăl (1822-1897); Elias (1855-1915), Wilhelm (1856-1894), Moses (1857-1943), fiii [The Schwarzfeld Family: Benjamin, Father (1822-1897); Elias (1855-1915), Wilhelm (1856-1894), Moses (1857-1943), the Sons] (Jerusalem: Cenaclul Literar Menora, 1969); Lya Benjamin, ed., Evreii din România în texte istoriografice: antologie [The Jews in Romania in Historiographical Texts: An Anthology] (Bucharest: Hasefer, 2004); Măriuca Stanciu, Necunoscutul Gaster: publicistica culturală, ideologică și politică a lui Moses Gaster [The Unknown Gaster: Moses Gaster’s Cultural, Ideological, and Political Journalism] (Bucharest: Editura Universității din București, 2006); Moses Gaster, Memorii (fragmente), corespondență [Memoirs (Excerpts), Correspondence], ed. Victor Eskenasy (Bucharest: Hasefer, 1998); Carol Iancu, Evreii din România (1866-1919): de la excludere la emancipare [The Jews in Romania (1866-1919): From exclusion to Emancipation], 3rd rev. ed. (Bucharest: Hasefer, 2009), 439-450 (Name Index).

[7] Analele Societății Istorice Iuliu Barasch, 3 vols. (Bucharest: Societatea Istorică Iuliu Barasch), 1887-1889.

[8] Wilhelm Schwarzfeld, “Învățați și scriitori evrei în Iași din timpurile cele mai vechi până în zilele noastre: schiță istorico-culturală” [Jewish Scholars and Writers in Jassy from Ancient Times to the Present Day: Historical-Cultural Sketch], Anuar pentru Israeliți (Bucharest) XIII (1890-1891): 43-76;  Idem, “Familia Rokeah: notiță după inscripțiumi mormântale” [The Rokeah Family: Note after Tomb Inscriptions], Anuar pentru Israeliți  XIV (1891-1892): 238-239; Idem, “Cercetări epigrafice” [Epigraphic Research], Anuar pentru Israeliți XVII (1895-1896): 50-62.

[9] Sinai, 5 vols. (Bucharest, in Romanian and Hebrew, some studies in German or French), 1928-1933, preceded by: Sinai: Revistă pentru Studii Judaice (Jassy), 1926-1927; Carol Iancu, “Chief Rabbi Meyer Abraham Halevy, Exegete and Historian,” SH 2 (2002): 287-305.

[10] Meir Abraham Halevy, ”Kethovoth bathey-hakevaroth hayeshanim beJassy ubeBukarest” [Inscriptions of the Old Cemeteries of Jassy and Bucharest], Sinai 3 (1931): XVII-XXXIV.

[11] Meir Abraham Halevy, “Consultațiile rabinice ca izvoare de istorie” [Rabbinic Consultations as Sources of History], Sinai 1 (1928): 7-10. Other titles in the bibliography of Halevy’s writings can be found in: Jean Ancel and Victor Eskenasy, Bibliography of the Jews in Romania (Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University, 1991), 56-58, XXI.

[12] Meir Abraham Halevy, “Les guerres d’Etienne le Grand et d’Uzun Hassan contre Mahomet II d’après la Chronique de la Turquie du candiote Elie Capsali (1523),” SAO 1 (1957): 189-198.

[13] Adrian Cioflâncă, “Erasing Memory: The Destruction of Old Jewish Cemeteries in Bucharest and Iași During Ion Antonescu’s Regime,” RIER 1 (16-17) (2016): 318-333.

[14] Mathias Eisler, “Das Gemeindebuch von Alba-Iulia,” Sinai 1 (1928): 11-16; Idem, “Aus dem Gemeindeleben der Juden in Alba-Iulia im 18. Jahrhundert,” Sinai 2 (1929): 72-82; Idem, “Aus dem Privatleben der Juden von Siebenbuergen im 18. Jahrhundert,” Sinai 3 (1931): 113-123. Observations and comparative materials can be found in Ana-Maria Caloianu, Istoria comunității evreiești din Alba Iulia [The History of the Jewish Community in Alba Iulia] (Bucharest: Hasefer, 2006).

[15] Kestenbaum & Company, Auction 58, Thursday, 2 May 2013 at 1 pm, https://www.kestenbaum.net/auction/lot/auction-58/058-373 (the author would like to thank Dr Augusta Costiuc-Radosav, Babeș-Bolyai University, Moshe Carmilly Institute of Hebrew Language and Jewish Studies for this information).

[16] Jakab Singer, “Aus der Vergangenheit der Temesvarer Juden,” Sinai 2 (1929): 96-98; Idem, Temesvári rabbik a XVIII és XIX-ik században [Rabbis of Timișoara in the 18^th and 19^th Centuries] (Seini: Wieder Jakab Könyvnyomdája, 1928).

[17] I. Kara, “Izvoare ebraice privind istoria evreilor din România” [Jewish Sources on the History of the Jews in Romania], SAHIR 2 (1996): 162-165. Fragments of some registers were published by Itzhak Schwartz-Kara under the pen-name Abraham Lachower, “Jewish Burial Associations in Moldavia in the 18^th and the Beginning of the 19^th Centuries,” YIVO Annual (New York) 10 (1955): 300-319. On the registers of the Jewish burial associations (Chevra Qadisha) in Romania, see also Ana-Gabriela Vasiliu, “Despre o structură comunitară: Hevra Kadișa” [About a Community Structure: Hevra Kadișa], in Anca Ciuciu-Tudorancea and Camelia Crăciun, eds., Istorie și memorie evreiască: volum dedicat doamnei Dr. Lya Benjamin [Jewish History and Memory: A Volume Dedicated to Dr. Lya Benjamin] (Bucharest: Hasefer, 2011), 71-85.

[18] Kara, “Izvoare,” 154-162.

[19] Nicolae Iorga, “Istoria evreilor în țerile noastre” [The History of the Jews in Our Lands], AARMSI, 2^nd Series, XXXVI (1914): 170.

[20] Alexandru Elian, ed., Inscripțiile medievale ale României. Orașul București, 1395-1800 [The Medieval Inscriptions of Romania. The City of Bucharest, 1395-1800] (Bucharest: Editura Academiei, 1965), 444-465.

[21] I. Kara, “Inscripții ebraice din Piatra Neamț (1677-1800)” [Hebrew Inscriptions from Piatra Neamț (1677-1800)], Mem. a. 1 (1969): 369-373. Commentaries by Pincu Pascal, Obștea evreilor din Piatra Neamț [The Community of the Jews from Piatra Neamț] [Piatra Neamț: Cetatea Doamnei, 2005], 16-30.

[22] I. Kara, “Vechiul cimitir din Dorohoi” [The Old Cemetery in Dorohoi], in Shlomo David, ed., Generații de iudaism și sionism: Dorohoi, Săveni, Mihăileni, Darabani, Herța, Rădăuți-Prut [Generations of Judaism and Zionism: Dorohoi, Săveni, Mihăileni, Darabani, Herța, Rădăuți-Prut] (Kiryat Bialik: Organizația Israelienilor Originari din Orașul și Județul Dorohoi, 1993), vol. 2, 16-30.

[23] I. Kara, “Inscripții ebraice din județul Botoșani” [Hebrew Inscriptions from Botoșani County], Mem. a.  2 (1970), 523-531.

[24] I. Kara, “Avney zikaron” [Memorial Stones], in I. Voledi-Vardi, ed., Kehilath Bacău, historyah yehudith mefuereth: sefer R(abi) Meir Eibschitz  [The Jewish Community of Bacău, a Magnificent Jewish History; Volume in Memory of R(abbi) Meir Eibschitz] (Tel Aviv, 1990), 234.

[25] I. Kara and Stela Cheptea, Inscripții ebraice (Inscripțiile medievale și din epoca modernă a României). Orașul Iași [Hebrew Inscriptions (Medieval and Modern Inscriptions of Romania). The City of Jassy] (Jassy: Academia Română. Filiala Iași, 1994, XXI], 136 pp. Review by Lucian-Zeev Herșcovici, “Hebrew Inscriptions in Romania and the History of the Romanian Jews,” Shvut (Tel Aviv and Beer Sheba) 4 (20) (1996): 247-250.

[26] I. Kara, “Yiddishe handels-korespondents fun Moldavye fun 1829-1847,” [Yiddish Commercial Correspomdence of Moldavia of 1829-1847], YIVO-Bleter (New York) 44 (1972): 78-107 (published in Romanian also, “Din istoria comerțului moldovenesc între 1829-1847: o corespondență comercială inedită” [From the History of Moldovan Trade between 1829-1847:  Unpublished Commercial Correspondence], AIIA 9 (1972): 475-494).

[27] I. Kara, “Consultațiile rabinice ca izvor istoric” [Rabbinic Consultations as a Historical Source], Europa XXI (Iași) 1-2 (1992-1993): 166-169.

[28] Shlomo Leibovici-Laiș, “Pagini de istorie a evreilor în Responsae rabinice” [Pages of Jewish History in Rabbinic Responsae], SAHIR 2 (1997): 48-58; Lucian-Zeev Herșcovici, “Yedioth al hayehudim hasefaradim beWalakhyah bemeoth 16-17 besifruth hash-uth shel hathekufah” [Information about Sephardic Jews in Wallachia in the 16^th and 17^th Centuries in the Rabbinic Responsa of That Period], in: Divrey haKongres haolamy hasheminy lemadaey hayahaduth Vol. 2: Tholdoth am Yisrael [Proceedings of the Eighth World Congress of Jewish Studies. Vol. 2: The History of the Jewish People] [Jerusalem: World Union of Jewish Studies, 1982], 71-76.

[29] Lajos Erdély, Régi Zsidó temetők művészete [Art of the Old Jewish Cemeteries] (Bucharest: Kriterion, 1980).

[30] György Gaal, A Házsongárdtól a Kismezőig. Kolozsvári sírkertek a XIX-XX. századból  [From Házsongárd to Kismező. Tomb Gardens in Cluj-Napoca from the 19^th to the 20^th Century] (Cluj-Napoca: Exit, 2016).

[31] Simon Geissbühler, Ovidiu Morar, Jewish Cemeteries of Bucovina: An Ilustrated Book for Tourists and Against Forgetting (Bucharest: NOI Media Print, w. y.); Simon Geissbühler, Like Shells in a Shore: Synagogues and Jewish Cemeteries of Northern Moldavia (Bern: Projekt 36, 2010).

[32] Meir Wunder, Hod veadar: sridey omanuth yehudith beGalitzyah. Vol. 1: Galitzyah hamizrachith [Grandeur and Glory: Remanants of Jewish Art in Galicia. Vol. 1: Eastern Galicia] (Jerusalem: Institute for Commemoration of Galician Jewry, Jerusalem Center for Documentation of Diaspora Heritage, 2005).

[33] Felicia Waldman, “History Carved in Stone: The Jewish Cemeteries of Southern Bukovina,” in Francisca Solomon and Ion Lihaciu, eds., Terra Judaica: literarische, kulturelle und historische Perspektiven auf das Judentum in der Bukowina und in Galizien / Literary, Cultural and Historical Perspectives on Bukovinian and Galician Jewry (Konstanz: Hartung Gorre Verlag, 2020), 365-380.

[34] Marina Nicolaev, in Carol Iancu, ed., Evreii din Hârlău și împrejurimi: istorie și memorie [The Jews of Hârlău and Surroundings: History and Memory] (Jassy: Editura Universității Alexandru Ioan Cuza, 2021).

[35] Silviu Sanie, Dăinuire prin piatră: monumentele cimitirului medieval evreiesc de la Siret [Everlasting in Stone: The Monuments in the Jewish Medieval Cemetery in Siret] (Bucharest: Hasefer, 2000).

[36] Silviu Sanie, “Elemente iudaice sau iudaizante în interferența etno-culturală din Dacia și Moesia Inferior” [Jewish or Judaizing Elements in the Ethno-Cultural Interference of Dacia and Lower Moesia], SAHIR 1 (1996): 1-27; Idem, “Inscriptions and Images on Tombstones as Historiographic Sources,” SJ 7 (1998): 117-122; Idem, “Quelques considérations sur le symbolisme funéraire judaique dans l’est de la Roumanie, jusqu’à la moitié du XIX^e siècle,” in Carol Iancu, ed., Permanences et ruptures dans l’histoire des Juifs de Roumanie, XIX^e-XX^e siècles (Montpellier: Université Paul Valéry, 2004), 81-90.

[37] Nicolae Gudea, “The Jews in the Roman Dacia,” SJ 2 (1993): 162-166; 7 (1998): 199-202; 8 (1999): 278-284; 14 (2006): 407-411.

[38] Daniel Dumitran, Călin Șuteu, and Tudor Borșan, Istorii în piatră: cimitirul evreiesc din Alba Iulia [Stories in Stone: The Jewish Cemetery in Alba Iulia], Pt. 1 (Cluj-Napoca: Mega, 2014).

[39] Izvoare și mărturii referitoare la evreii din România [Sources and Testimonies Regarding the Jews in Romania] (Federația Comunităților Evreiești din România, Centrul de Istorie, 1986-1999). Vol. 1: Antichitate-1700 [Antiquity-1700], ed. Victor Eskenasy (Bucharest, 1986; 2^nd rev. ed., Hasefer, 1995); Vol. 2, pt. 1: 1700-1750, ed. Mihai Spielmann (Bucharest, 1988); Vol. 2, pt. 2: 1750-1800, eds. Lya Benjamin, Mihai Spielman, and Sergiu Stanciu (Bucharest: Hasefer, 1990); Vol. 3, pt. 1: 1801-1829, eds. Ladislau Gyémánt and Lya Benjamin (Bucharest: Hasefer, 1999); Vol. 3, pt. 2: 1830-1849, eds. Ladislau Gyémánt and Lya Benjamin (Bucharest: Hasefer, 1999).

[40] Lucian-Zeev Herșcovici, “Legături ale evreilor din Moldova și Țara Românească cu Palestina (Eretz Yisrael) în secolele XVI-XVIII” [Connections of the Jews of Moldova and Wallachia with Palestine (Eretz Yisrael) in the 16^th-18^th Centuries], SAHIR 13 (2016): 17-63; Idem, “Portul Galați în literatura ebraică și idiș de călătorie din secolele XVII și XVIII” [The Port of Galați in Hebrew and Yiddish Travel Literature from the 17^th and 18^th Centuries], Danubius 35, 2 (2017): 21-39.

[41] Lucian-Zeev Herșcovici and Eugen Pentiuc, “References to the Carpatho-Danubian Region in Hebrew Sources of the 10^th-12^th Centuries,” Romanian Jewish Studies (Jerusalem) I, 2 (1987): 5-17.

[42] Eugen Glück, “Izvoare ebraice despre români” [Jewish Sources about Romanians], MI XVII, 9 (1983): 24-25; Idem, “Unele informații privind istoria României cuprinse în izvoarele ebraice medievale” [Some Information on the History of Romania Contained in the Medieval Jewish Sources], RI, Serie nouă, 1 (1990): 335-345; Idem, “O cronică ebraică despre români” [A Jewish Chronicle on the Romanians], Crisia 22 (1992): 261-264; Lucian-Zeev Herșcovici, “Cronicari ebraici, istorie românească: interesul unor istorici evrei europeni din secolul al XVI-lea pentru istoria românilor și a perimetrului românesc” [Jewish Chroniclers, Romanian History: The Interest of Some European Jewish Historians from the 16^th Century for the History of the Romanians and of the Romanian Perimeter], SAHIR 14 (in press).

[43] I. Kara, ”Hadefus hayvri beRomanyah ad shenath 5660”  [The Hebrew Printing in Romania Until 5660 (1900)], Kiryath Sefer (Jerusalem) 45 (1970): 287-298; 61 (1986-1987): 333-344.

[44] For a list of the studies of Itzhak Yosef Kohn (Kohen, or Cohen) on the Hebrew printing, see Ancel and Eskenasy, Bibliography, XXVI (Hebrew pagination).

[45] Itzhak Yosef Kohn, ”Hayetzirah hayehudith beyvrith” [Jewish Literary Works in Hebrew], in Pinkas Hakehilloth. Romanyah  [Encyclopaedia of Jewish Communities. Romania], eds. Theodor Lavi-Loewenstein and Jean Ancel (Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 1969), vol. 1, LXVII-LXXXIII (Hebrew pagination); Idem, Chakhmey Transylvanyah 5490-5704 (1630-1944)  [Sages of Transylvania 5490-5704 (1630-1944)] (Jerusalem: Makhon Yerushalayim, 1989).

[46] Baruch Tercatin and Lucian-Zeev Herșcovici, Entziqlopedyah leyahaduth Romanyah bemeoth ha-16 –ha-21 [Encyclopaedia of Romanian Judaism in the 16^th-21^st Centuries] (Jerusalem: Mosad Harav Kook, 2012), 3 vols.; Baruch Tercatin and Lucian-Zeev Herșcovici, Prezențe rabinice în perimetrul românesc, secolele XVI-XXI [Rabbinic Presences in the Romanian Perimeter, 16^th-21^st Centuries] (Bucharest: Hasefer, 2008).

[47] Maria Radosav, Livada cu rodii: carte și comunitate evreiască în nordul Transilvaniei, secolele XVIII-XX [Pomegranate Orchard: Book and Jewish Community in Northern Transylvania, 18^th-20^th Centuries] (Cluj-Napoca: Argonaut, 2007).

[48] Nathan Mark, Sifruth yiddish beRomanyah (leraboth yithonuth) mireshithah vead 1972  [Yiddish Literature in Romania (Also Including Journalism) from its Beginning until 1972] (Haifa: Omanuth, 1973).

[49] Itzhak Korn, Yiddish in Rumenye  [Yiddish in Romania] (Tel Aviv: Avoka, 1989).

[50] Vladimir-Wolf Tamburu, Yiddish-prese in Rumenye [Yiddish Press in Romania] (Bucharest: Kriterion, 1977).

[51] Augusta Costiuc-Radosav, Vocile unei istorii neterminate: presa idiș din spațiul românesc extra-carpatic 1855-1900  [The Voices of an Unfinished History: Yiddish Press from the Romanian Extra-Carpathian Space 1855-1900] (Cluj-Napoca: Argonaut & Mega, 2014).

[52] David Bunis, ”Pyesa di Yaakov Avinu kun sus izus (Bucharest, 1862): The First Judezmo Play?” [Play about Our Father Yaakov With His Sons (Bucharest, 1862): The First Judezmo Play?], in Tamar Alexander et al., eds., History and Creativity in the Sephardi and Oriental Communities (Jerusalem: Misgav Yerushalayim, 1994), 201-252.

[53] Raoul Siniol, Momente sefarde: cu prilejul jubileului de 250 de ani al comunității sefarde din București [Sephardic Moments: On the Occasion of the 250^th Anniversary of the Sephardic Community in Bucharest] (Jerusalem, 1980).

[54] Alexandru Avram, “Judeo-Spanish Journalism,” Romanian Jewish Studies  I, 1 (1987): 21-25.

[55] David Moshe Rosen, ”Pereq miparashath Malbim beBukarest (leor mismakhim rishonim vekithvey-yad chadashim” [A Chapter in the Malbim Affair in Bucharest (in Light of the First Documents and of New Manuscripts], in Menahem Zohori and Arie Tartakover, eds., Haguth yvrith beEvropah  [Jewish Thought in Europe] (Tel Aviv: Yavneh, 1969), 376-410.

[56] Jacob Geller, HaMalbim: maavaqo beHaskalah ubeReformah beBukarest 1858-1864 [The Malbim: His Struggle against the Enlightenment and Reform in Bucharest 1858-1864] (Lod: Oroth Yahaduth HaMaghreb – Institute of Research and Publication of Sephardic Rabbinic Writings, 2000). Review by Șlomo Leibovici-Laiș, in SAHIR 6 (2001): 337-339.

[57] Considered to be the descendants of the priests of the Temple of Jerusalem. Prohibition of Kohen defilement by the dead: Shemoth / Leviticus 21, 1.

[58] Bereshith / Genesis 35, 20.

[59] Marcin Wodziński, “Tombstones,” in The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe, ed. Gershon David Hundert (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2008), vol. 2, 1887-1891; “Written in Stone: The Art and Meaning of Rohatyn’s Jewish Grave Makers,” accessed 10 September 2021, https://rohatynjewishheritage.org/en/culture/written-in-stone/.

[60] Ellen Frankel and Betsy Platkin Teutsch, The Encyclopedia of Jewish Symbols (Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson, 1992), 207-222.

[61] Silviu Sanie, “Contribuții la cunoașterea morfologiei stelelor și simbolismului funerar iudaic în estul României” [Contributions to the Knowledge of the Morphology of the Stela and the Jewish Funerary Symbolism in Eastern Romania], SAHIR 5 (2000): 56-86.

[62] Bamidbar / Numeri 2, 3.

[63] Devarim / Deuteronomium 28, 54; Mishley/ Proverbs 4, 3.

[64] See footnotes 27 and 28.

[65] See footnotes 45 and 46.

[66] Kara, “Izvoare,” 154-162.

[67] Andrea Ghiță, “Registrul din veacul XIX, retras de la licitația din New York, ar fi exponatul central al muzeului evreilor din Cluj – interviu cu istoricul Ladislau Gyémánt” [The 19^th Century Register, Withdrawn from the New York Auction, Would Be the Central Exhibit of the Jewish Museum in Cluj - Interview with the historian Ladislau Gyémánt], Baabel, 25 February 2021, https://baabel.ro/2021/02/registrul-din-veacul-xix-retras-de-la-licitatia-din-new-york-ar-fi-exponatul-central-al-muzeului-evreilor-din-cluj-interviu-cu-istoricul-ladislau-gyemant/; Eadem, “Intervenția WJRO a fost esențială pentru retragerea Pinkasului clujean, de la licitația din New York – interviu cu Gideon Taylor, președinte executiv WJRO” [WJRO Intervention Was Essential for the Withdrawal of Pinkas from Cluj, from the New York Auction - Interview with Gideon Taylor, WJRO Executive President], ibid., https://baabel.ro/2021/02/interventia-wjro-a-fost-esentiala-in-retragerea-registrului-evreiesc-clujean-de-la-licitatia-din-new-york-interviu-cu-gideon-taylor-director-executiv-wjro/.

[68] Eliyahu Feldman, Baaley melakhah yehudim beMoldavyah [Jewish Artisans in Moldavia] (Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 1982), 195 ff.; Avraham Yehoshua Heshel, Yigeroth haOhev Yisrael [Letters of the Ohev Yisroel (Love for Israel)] (Jerusalem: Makhon Siftey Tzadikim, 1999), 30, no. 12.

[69] This book is an anonymous summarized translation of the writings of Josephus Flavius, with certain additions. The anonymous author lived in Southern Italy.

[70] See note 41.

[71] Izvoare și mărturii, vol. 1, 2^nd ed., 10, no. 6.

[72] See note 42.

[73] Herșcovici, “Legături ale evreilor din Moldova și Țara Românească,” 27-29, 33-40.

[74] Ibid., 30-33; Eliyahu Feldman, ”Chakhamim qaraim beYir Halevanah bemeah ha-16” [Karaite Sages in Yir Halevanah (Cetatea Albă) in the 18^th Century], Tarbiz (Jerusalem) 38 (1969): 61-74.