The Situation of Monastic Houses in Soviet Moldova

9 April 2024


Authors
Author ION XENOFONTOV, Professor, Faculty of History, The Moldova State University, Chișinău, Republic of Moldova
Abstract

In 1944, after the withdrawal of the Romanian authorities from Bessarabia, some members of the monastic community, priests, deacons, cantors, especially those with higher education and high hierarchical positions, took refuge. The number of monasteries was considerably reduced. If in 1945 in the new Soviet republic - the Moldovan SSR - 25 monasteries and hermitages were registered (16 - monks and 9 - nuns), in 1956 - 15, of which 7 - monks and 8 - nuns. The only continuously functioning monastery was that of Japca. The cruel mechanism of liquidation of places of worship was part of the strategy of the Soviet authorities to eradicate all forms of spiritual expression and resistance. These radical actions of the Soviet state had a boomerang effect on religious sentiment. It is therefore no coincidence that the collapse of the Soviet Union was inextricably linked to the widespread religious movement in the present-day Republic of Moldova, followed by the reopening of the places of worship dismantled by the Soviets.

Keywords
Monasteries, Soviet policy, militant atheism, Soviet Moldova.
References

[1] From the perspective of the Soviets this was done in the context of the Iași-Chișinău operation, included in the ten Stalinist “coups”, which was the military-political terminology used during the life of I. V Stalin to identify the most important offensive operations of the Red Army in 1944. The offensive operations were listed by Stalin himself on November 6, 1944, during the speech on the occasion of the 27th anniversary of the Bolshevik Revolution. After Stalin's death, the phrase was simplified as the “ten strokes”.

[2] Romeo Cemartan, “Situația și evoluția vieții bisericești în perioada 1945-1962” [The situation and evolution of church life in the period 1945-1962], Destin Românesc V, no. 3-4 (2010): 119.

[3] Veaceslav Ciorba, Biserica Ortodoxă în Basarabia și Transnistria [Orthodox Church in Bessarabia and Transnistria (1940-2010)] (Chișinău: Pontos, 2011), 214.

[4] Alexei Agachi, Istoria mănăstirii Hâncu (1677-2010) [History of Hâncu monastery (1677-2010)] (Chișinău: Pontos, 2010), 159.

[5]  General Directorate of the National Archive of the Republic of Moldova, National Agency of Archives (hereafter GDNARM, NAA), file no. 3046, document 6, 22.

[6] Православие в Молдавии: власть, церковь, верующие 1940-1991. Собрание документов в 4 томах [Orthodoxy in Moldova: power, church, believers. Collection of documents in 4 volumes], ed. Valerii Pasat, vol. 1 (1940-1953) (Moskva: Rossiyskaya politicskaia, 2010), document 28, 165; document 106, 430-431; Ciorba, Biserica Ortodoxă, 213.

[7] Православие в Молдавии, vol. 1, document 106, 431.

[8] GDNARM, NAA, file no. 51, document 84, 28.

[9] Valerii Pasat, Трудные страницы истории Молдовы 1940 - 1950-r [Difficult pages of Moldova's history 1940 - 1950s] (Moscow: Terra, 1994) 646-648.

[10] Vladimir Besleaga, Cruci răsturnate de regim. Mănăstirea Răciula 1959 [Crosses overthrown by the regime. The Monastery of Răciula 1959] (Chisinau: Prut International, 2006) 63.

[11] Maxim Melenti, “Situația clerului din URSS în anii 1944-1954 (schiță istorică generală)” [The Situation of the Clergy in the USSR from 1944 to 1953 (general historical sketches)], Analele Asociației Naționale a Tinerilor Istorici din Moldova no. 9 (2010): 206-207.

[12] Nicolae Fustei, Centrul de Cultură și Spiritualitate - Parohia Sfântul Dumitru din Chișinău. Studiu istoric și documentar [Center of Culture and Spirituality - Saint Dumitru Parish in Chisinau. Historical and Documentary Study] (Chisinau: Elena-V. I, 2010), 41.

[13]  Ibid., 37.            

[14] Ion Turcanu, Bessarabiana. Teritoriul dintre Prut și Nistru în mai multe ipostaze istorice și reflecții istioriograficetipice [Bessarabiana. The territory between the Prut and the Dniester in several historical hypostases and istioriographic reflections] (Chisinau: Cartdidact, 2012), 211.

[15] Pasat, Трудные страницы, 252-265.

[16] Cemartan, “Situația și evoluția vieții bisericești,” 123.

[17] Nicolae Fustei, Persecuția organizației religioase “Martorii lui Iehova”. Operațiunea “Sever” (1951) în RSSM [Persecution of the religious organization “witnesses of Jehove”. Operation “Sever“ (1951) in the MSSR] (Chișinău: Cuvântul-ABC, 2013), 121.

[18] Besleaga, Cruci răsturnate de regim, 313.

[19] Valeri Pasat, Calvarul. Documentarul deportărilor de pe teritoriul RSS Moldovenești: 1940-1959 [Calvary. Documentary of deportations from the territory of the Moldavian SSR: 1940-1959] (Moskva: ROSSPEN, 2006), 356, 371.

[20] Maxim Melenti, “Situația clerului din URSS,” 208.

[21]  Ibid., 124.          

[22]  GDNARM, NAA, file no. 3061, document 12, 17.

[23]  Besleaga, Cruci răsturnate de regim, 63.

[24] Andrei Eșanu et al. Mănăstirea Căpriana cu schitul Condrița (secolul XV – începutul secolului XXI). Studii, documente și materiale [Căpriana monastery with Condrița Skete (Fifteenth – Early Twenty-First Century). Studies, documents and materials] (Chișinău: Cartdidactic, 2019), 114.

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[26]  Besleaga, Cruci răsturnate de regim, 88.

[27]  Nina Vrednic, “Nouă zile care au zdruncinat Gerul” [Nine days that shook the Cold]”, Moldova Socialistă (June 22, 1990): 4.

[28] Besleaga, Cruci răsturnate de regim, 306.

[29] Pasat, Valeri Pasat, Calvarul. Documentarul deportărilor, 375.

[30] Ion Mosnegutu, Rolul Mănăstirii Hârbovăț în viața monahală din zona Prut-Nistru (anii 1730-1960) [The role of the Hârbovăț monastery in the monastic life in the Prut-Dniester area (1730s– 1960s)] (Chișinău: Lexon-Prim, 2022), 139.

[31] Ludmila Tihonov, Religie și totalitarism în Moldova Sovietică [Religion and totalitarianism in Soviet Moldova] (Chișinău: Lexon-Prim, 2021), 67.

[32] T. Furdui et. al., “In constanti labore spes: Vasile Anestiadi,” Literatură și Artă no. 19 (May 7, 1998).

[33] Ion Valer Xenofontov, Complexul monahal Japca: istorie și spiritualitate [Japca monastic complex: history and spirituality] (Chișinău: Lexon-Prim, 2020), 149.

[34] Valentina Ursu, ed., Cultura Moldovei Sovietice în documente și materiale: 1944-1991 [Culture of Soviet Moldova in documents and materials, 1944-1991] (Chișinău: Pontos, 2012), 166-173.

[35] Nicolae Fustei, “Organizarea și lichidarea comunităților religioase în perioada 1944-1965 în RSS Moldovenească” [Organization and Liquidation of Religious Communities in the period 1944-1965 in the Moldavian SSR], in Gheorghe Cojocaru, ed., Anuarul Institutului de istorie. Materialele sesiunii științifice anuale: Decembrie 2016 [Yearbook of the Institute of history. Materials of the Annual Scientific Session: December 2016] (Chișinău:, 2017), 314.

[36] Ion Gumenâi et. al., Relighioznaia politika v MSSR v 80-e godî XX veka [Religious policy of the MSSR in the 1980s and 20th century] (Chișinău: Cartdidact, 2019), 54.

[37] Nicolae Fustei, “Comunitățile religioase ale creștinilor evangheliști-baptiști în RSSM (1944-1965)” [Religious Communities of Evangelist-Baptist Christians in MSSR (1944-1965)] Tyragetia XIII, no. 2 (2019): 236-237.

[38] The Old Rite Russian Orthodox Church (the ‘Lipovian Church’) is the successor of the old Russian Orthodox Church until the reform of Patriarch Nikon (17th century).

[39] Nicolae Fustei, “Situația cultului lipovean în RSSM (1944-1965)” [The situation of the Lipovan cult in the RSSM (1944-1965)], in Gheorghe Cojocaru, ed., Anuarul Institutului de Istorie. Materialele Sesiunii Științifice Anuale: Decembrie 2017 [Yearbook of the Institute of history. Materials of the Annual Scientific Session, December 2017] Chișinău:, Lexon-Prim, 2018), 307-309.

[40] Fustei, “Organizarea și lichidarea,” 314.

[41] Andrei Esanu et al., Mănăstirea Căpriana, p. 244.

[42] Nicolae Fuștei, “Atitudinea statului sovietic faţă de culte reflectată în legislaţia statului” [The attitude of the Soviet state towards cults reflected in state legislation], in Aurel Zanoci, ed., Sesiunea Știinţifică a Departamentului Istoria Românilor, Universală şi Arheologie. Universitatea de Stat din Moldova [Scientific Session of the Department of Romanian History, Universal History and Archaeology. State University of Moldova] (Chișinău: Academia de Administrare Publică, 2019), 91-92.

List of illustrations

Fig. 1. Capriana monastery, July 1947. Source: GDNARM, NAA; Photo: L. A. Raschip. Inventory number: 290.

Fig. 2. Capriana Monastery, 1981. Source: National Museum of Ethnography and Natural History. Archival number: 39672.

Fig. 3. Monks from the New Neamts monastery, 1950. Source: DGANRM, ANA. Photo: L. A. Raschip. Inventory number: 24551.

Fig. 4. Butucheni Monastery, 1983. Source: National Museum of Ethnography and Natural History. Archival number: 19785.

Fig. 5. Horodishte Monastery (Tsipova), 1983. Source: National Museum of Ethnography and Natural History. Archival number: 19779.

Fig. 6. Curki Monastery, 1985. Source: National Museum of Ethnography and Natural History. Archival number: 39684.